The Inhibitory Effect of Betanin on Adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes

Jen-Yin Chen^{1, 2}, Chin-Chen Chu², Shih-Ying Chen³, Heuy-Ling Chu⁴ and Pin-Der Duh^4,

¹Department of Senior Citizen Service Management, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Taiwan, ROC

²Department of Anesthesiology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Taiwan, ROC

³Department of Health and Nutrition, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC

⁴Department of Food Science and Technology, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, 60 Erh-Jen Road, Section 1, Pao-An, Jen-Te District, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC

Cite this paper:
Jen-Yin Chen, Chin-Chen Chu, Shih-Ying Chen, Heuy-Ling Chu and Pin-Der Duh. The Inhibitory Effect of Betanin on Adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes. Journal of Food and Nutrition Research. 2019; 7(6):447-451. doi: 10.12691/jfnr-7-6-6

Abstract

Betanin, a natural pigment that presents ubiquitously in plants, has been reported to show biological effects. However, not much is known on the effectiveness of betanin in regulating fat accumulation. Therefore, the aim of this study is to explore the inhibitory effect of betanin on adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and its mechanism action. The results show betanin significantly inhibited oil red O-stained material (OROSM) and triglyceride levels in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, indicating betanin inhibited lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In addition, the peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor γ (PPARγ) expression was significantly inhibited in the betanin-treated adipocytes, implying that betanin suppressed the cellular PPARγexpression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Moreover, the suppression of lipid accumulation by betanin occurred by decreasing the gene expression of PPARγ, CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα) and sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c). Taken together, these findings suggest betanin may be a mediator of adipocyte accumulation, leading to the inhibition of lipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and betanin is therefore potentially useful for designing new antiadipogenic agent.

Keywords:
adipogenesis betanin gene expression lipogenesis lipid accumulation

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

References:

[1]	Tzeng, T. F., Lu, H. J., Liou, S. S., Chang, C. J. and Liu, I. M. “Reduction of lipid accumulation in white adipose tissues by Cassia tora (Leguminosae) seed extract is associated with AMPK activation, Food Chemistry, 136(2). 1086-1094. Jan. 2013.
[2]	WHO Media Centre. Obesity and overweight. Available online: https://www.who.int/ (Accessed on 16 Feb. 2018).
[3]	Mubarak, A., Hodgson, J. M., Considine, M. J., Croft, K. D. and Matthews, V. B., “Supplementation of a high-fat diet with chlorogenic acid is associated with insulin resistance and hepatic lipid accumulation in mice,” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 61(18). 4371-4378. 2013.
[4]	Amjadi, S., Ghorbani, M., Hamishehkar, H. and Roufegarinejad, L. “Improvement in the stability of betanin by liposomal nanocarriers: Its application in gummy candy as a food model,” Food Chemistry, 256. 156-162. Aug. 2018.
[5]	Esatbeyoglu, T., Wagner, A. E., Schini-Kerth, V. B. and Rimbach, G. “Betanin--a food colorant with biological activity,” Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 59(1). 36-47. Jan. 2015.
[6]	Shaaruddin, S., Ghazali, H. M Mirhosseini, S. H. and Muhammad, K. “Stability of betanin in pitaya powder and confection as affected by resistant maltodextrin,” Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft & Technologie, 84. 129-134. Oct. 2017.
[7]	Chyau, C. C., Chu, C. C., Chen, S. Y. and Duh P. D., “The effects of Djulis (Chenopodium formosanum) and its bioactive compounds on adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes,” Molecules, 23(7), 1780; Jul. 2018.
[8]	Sutariya, B. and Saraf, .M. “Betanin, isolated from fruits of Opuntia elatior Mill attenuates renal fibrosis in diabetic rats through regulating oxidative stress and TGF-β pathway,” Jouranl of Ethnopharmacology, 198. 432-443.Feb. 2017.
[9]	Farabegoli, F., Scarpa, E. S., Frati, A., Serafini, G., Papi, A., Spisni, E., Antonini, E., Benedetti, S. and Ninfali, P. “Betalains increase vitexin-2-O-xyloside cytotoxicity in CaCo-2 cancer cells,” Food Chemistry, 218. 356-364. Mar. 2017.
[10]	Chen, S. Y., Chu, C. C., Chyau, C. C, Fu, Z. H. and Duh P. D., “Effect of water extract of Djulis (Chenopodium formosaneum ) and its bioactive compounds on alcohol-induced liver damage in rats,” International Journal of Food and Nutritional Science, 5(1). 55-63. Jul. 2018.
[11]	Chen, S. Y., Chu, C. C., Chyau, C. C., Yang, J. W. and Duh, P. D. “The antihypertensive effects of Djulis (Chenopodium formosanum) and its bioactive compounds, in vitro and in vivo,” Food Bioscience., (in submission) 2019.
[12]	Hsu, C. L. and Yen, G. C. “Effects of capsaicin on induction of apoptosis and inhibition of adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells,” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 55(5). 1730-1736. Mar. 2007.
[13]	Tzeng, T. F. and Liu, I. M. “6-gingerol prevents adipogenesis and the accumulation of cytoplasmic lipid droplets in 3T3-L1 cells,” Phytomedicine, 20(6). 481-487. Apr. 2013.
[14]	Noh, J. R., Kim, Y. H., Hwang, J. H., Gang, G. T., Yeo, S. H., Kim, K. S., Oh, W. K., Ly, S. Y., Lee, I. K. and Lee, C. H. “Scoparone inhibits adipocyte differentiation through down-regulation of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor gamma in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes,” Food Chemistry, 141(1) 723-730. Nov. 2013.
[15]	Gregoire, F. M., Smas, C. M. and Sul, H. S. “Understanding adipocyte differentiation,” Physiological Reviews, 78(3). 783-809. Jul. 1998.
[16]	Rosen, E. D., Walkey, C. J., Puigserver, P. and Spiegelmam, B. M. “Transcriptional regulation of adipogensis,” Genes Development, 14(11). 1293-1307. Jun. 2000.
[17]	Hu, E., Tontonoz, P. and Spiegelman, B.M. Transdifferentiation of myoblasts by the adipogenic transcription factors PPAR gamma and C/EBP alpha. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the united state of America, 92. 9856-9860. 1995.
[18]	Fujimori, K. and Shibano, M. “Avicularin, a plant flavonoid, suppresses lipid accumulation through repression of “Reduction of lipid accumulation in white adipose tissues by Cassia tora (Leguminosae) seed extract is associated with AMPK activation, Food Chemistry, 136(2). 1086-1094. Jan. 2013.
[19]	Lefterova, M. I. and Lazar, M. A. “New developments in adipogenesis,” Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism, 20(3) 107-114. Apr. 2009.
[20]	Wu, C. H. Lin, M. C. Wang, H. C. Yang, M. Y. Jou, M. J. Wang, “Rutin inhibits oleic acid induced lipid accumulation via reducing lipogenesis and oxidative stress in hepatocarcinoma cells.”Journal of Food Science, 76(2).65-72, Mar. 2011.
[21]	Strable, M. S. and Ntambi, J. M. “Genetic control of de novo lipogenesis: role in diet-induced obesity.” Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 45(3). 199-214. Jun. 2010.