Antiplatelet and Antioxidant Activities of Tomato

Abdul Waheed Khan^1, , Kashif Iqbal¹, Sagheer Ahmed^2, , Saima Gul³, Arif-ullah Khan⁴, Muhammad Usman¹ and Hafsa Bibi⁵

¹Department of Pharmacy, University of Lahore, Islamabad, Pakistan

²Shifa College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shifa Tameer-E-Millat University, Islamabad, Pakistan

³Department of Physical Therapy, Shifa Tameer-E-Millat University, Islamabad, Pakistan

⁴Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan

⁵Department of Chemistry, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Cite this paper:
Abdul Waheed Khan, Kashif Iqbal, Sagheer Ahmed, Saima Gul, Arif-ullah Khan, Muhammad Usman and Hafsa Bibi. Antiplatelet and Antioxidant Activities of Tomato. Journal of Food and Nutrition Research. 2019; 7(6):435-442. doi: 10.12691/jfnr-7-6-4

Abstract

Tomato, botanically known as Lycopersicon esculentum, is a food crop used throughout world in different cultures. Traditionally, various cardiovascular and inflammatory ailments are cured by fruit of this plant. But this has been done without any knowledge about its exact mechanism in these diseases, especially in thrombotic conditions. This study has been designed to investigate the potential mechanisms used by Lycopersicon esculentum fruit to provide relief in these diseases. A crude fraction of Lycopersicon esculentum fruits was prepared and then separated into n-hexane, chloroform and aqueous fractions. These fractions were screened for the presence of activities against arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism and agonist-induced human platelet aggregation. These fractions were also investigated for their potential to enhance the activities of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Platelet aggregation was monitored using turbidometric principle, while AA metabolism was studied using radiolabelled AA. Antioxidant enzymes were measured by commercial kits using spectrophotometer. The aqueous fraction of Lycopersicon esculentum was mostly active against cyclooxygenase pathway of AA metabolism while chloroform was the only fraction possessing significant activity against lipoxygenase pathway. Aqueous and n-hexane fraction seem to have concentrated compounds responsible for elevating SOD activity while n-hexane was the most potent against PAF and the only fraction exhibiting potent activity against collagen-induced platelet aggregation. Compounds responsible for elevating GPx activity seems to be distributed throughout various fractions of tomato. The results demonstrate that anti-inflammatory and cardiovascular effects of Lycopersicon esculentum are mediated through multiple pathways. The compounds responsible for these pharmacological actions were however, distributed throughout various fractions of Lycopersicon esculentum.

Keywords:
Lycopersicon esculentum tomato cyclooxygenase lipoxygenase superoxide dismutase glutathione peroxidase platelet aggregation

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

References:

[1]	Pennington, J.A., “Food composition databases for bioactive food components. Journal of food composition and analysis”, 15(4), 419-434, 2002.
[2]	Silva-Beltrán, N.P., Ruiz-Cruz, S., Cira-Chávez, L.A., Estrada-Alvarado, M.I., Ornelas-Paz, J.D.J., López-Mata, M.A., Del-Toro-Sánchez, C.L., Ayala-Zavala, J.F., and Márquez-Ríos, E., “Total phenolic, flavonoid, tomatine, and tomatidine contents and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of extracts of tomato plant”, International journal of analytical chemistry, 2015, 2015.
[3]	Giovannucci, E., Rimm, E.B., Liu, Y., Stampfer, M.J., and Willett, W.C., “A prospective study of tomato products, lycopene, and prostate cancer risk”, Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 94(5), 391-398, 2002.
[4]	Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis, M. and Bowen, P.E., “Role of lycopene and tomato products in prostate health”, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Molecular Basis of Disease, 1740(2), 202-205, 2005.
[5]	Akihiro, T., Koike, S., Tani, R., Tominaga, T., Watanabe, S., Iijima, Y., Aoki, K., Shibata, D., Ashihara, H., and Matsukura, C., “Biochemical mechanism on GABA accumulation during fruit development in tomato”, Plant and cell Physiology, 49(9), 1378-1389, 2008.
[6]	Saito, T., Matsukura, C., Sugiyama, M., Watahiki, A., Ohshima, I., Iijima, Y., Konishi, C., Fujii, T., Inai, S., and Fukuda, N., “Screening for γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-rich tomato varieties”, Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science, 77(3), 242-250, 2008.
[7]	Pullaiah, T., Encyclopaedia of world medicinal plants. Vol. 2. 2006, Daya books.
[8]	Rahman, F., Amutha, A., J, G., Sd, I., and M, M., “Antinoceciptive and Anti-inflammatory activity of Lycopersicon esculentum(Tomato) on different experimental model”, Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, 25 (25), 141-146, 2012.
[9]	Tommonaro, G., De Prisco, R., Abbamondi, G.R., and Nicolaus, B., “Bioactivity of tomato hybrid powder: antioxidant compounds and their biological activities”, Journal of medicinal food, 16(4), 351-356, 2013.
[10]	Visioli, F., Riso, P., Grande, S., Galli, C., and Porrini, M., “Protective activity of tomato products on in vivo markers of lipid oxidation”, European journal of nutrition, 42(4), 201-206, 2003.
[11]	Manthri, S., Sravanthi, K.C., and Sidagonde, S., “Anthelmintic activity of tomato leaf extract”, Journal of Phytology, 3(3), 15-17, 2011.
[12]	Giovannucci, E., Ascherio, A., Rimm, E., J. Stampfer, M., Colditz, G., and Willett, W., “Intake of Carotenoids and Retino in Relation to Risk of Prostate Cancer”, Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 87(23), 1767-1776, 1995.
[13]	Campbell, J.K., Canene-Adams, K., Lindshield, B.L., Boileau, T.W.-M., Clinton, S.K., and Erdman Jr, J.W., “Tomato phytochemicals and prostate cancer risk”, The Journal of nutrition, 134(12), 3486S-3492S, 2004.
[14]	Vorob'ev, A., Seleznev, A., Pavlova, L., Kapitanov, A., Yang, A., and Ershova, N., “Experimental evaluation of the antibacterial activity of tomato pulp oil extract”. Zhurnal mikrobiologii, epidemiologii, i immunobiologii, 6, 8-11, 1998.
[15]	Ong, A.S. and Tee, E., “Natural sources of carotenoids from plants and oils, in Methods in enzymology”, 1992, 142-167, Elsevier.
[16]	Schuurman, A.G., Goldbohm, R.A., Dorant, E., and van den Brandt, P.A., “Vegetable and fruit consumption and prostate cancer risk: a cohort study in the Netherlands”, Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Biomarkers, 7(8), 673-680, 1998.
[17]	Chen, L., Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis, M., Duncan, C., Sharifi, R., Ghosh, L., Breemen, R.v., Ashton, D., and Bowen, P.E., “Oxidative DNA damage in prostate cancer patients consuming tomato sauce-based entrees as a whole-food intervention” Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 93(24), 1872-1879, 2001.
[18]	Kucuk, O., Sarkar, F.H., Sakr, W., Djuric, Z., Pollak, M.N., Khachik, F., Li, Y.-W., Banerjee, M., Grignon, D., and Bertram, J.S., “Phase II randomized clinical trial of lycopene supplementation before radical prostatectomy”, Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Biomarkers, 10(8), 861-868, 2001.
[19]	Spinu, K., Vorozhbit, V., Grushko, T., Kintia, P., Skofertsa, P., Vutkaryov, V., and Bologa, V., “Antiviral activity of tomatoside from Lycopersicon esculentum Mill: In Saponins Used in Traditional and Modern Medicine. 1996, 505-509, Springer.
[20]	Dhirhe, T., K.Agrawal, S., Maheshwari, B., Sonwani, S., and Agrawal, R.C., “Evaluation of anticancer activity of Lycopersicon esculentum extract on Swiss Albino Mice”. Journal of herbal medicine and toxicology, 4, 2010.
[21]	Azharuddin, M., Imran, P., and Ayaz, S., “Anticonvulsant Activity of Lycopersicon esculentum (Tomato) in Maximum Electroshock Induced Seizures in Mice”, Inventi Rapid: Ethnopharmacology, 4, 1-4, 2013.
[22]	Omodamiro, O. and Amechi, U., “The phytochemical content, antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities of Lycopersicon esculentum (Tomato)”, Asian Journal of Plant Science and Research, 3(5), 70-81, 2013.
[23]	Kefi, A., Slimene, I.B., Karkouch, I., Rihouey, C., Azaeiz, S., Bejaoui, M., Belaid, R., Cosette, P., Jouenne, T., and Limam, F., “Characterization of endophytic Bacillus strains from tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum) displaying antifungal activity against Botrytis cinerea Pers”, World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 31(12), 1967-1976, 2015.
[24]	Hussain, J., Khan, F.-u., Gilani, S.A., Abbas, G., Ahmed, S., Khan, A.-u., Ullah, W., and Choudhary, M.I., “Antiglycation, antiplatelets aggregation, cytotoxic and phytotoxic activities of Nepeta suavis”, Latin American Journal of Pharmacy, 29(4), 573-578, 2010.
[25]	Imran, I., Hussain, L., Ahmad, S., and Rasool, N., “Antiplatelet activity of methanolic extract of Acacia leucophloea bark”, Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 6(25), 4185-4188, 2012.
[26]	Ahmed, S., Gul, S., Gul, H., and Bangash, M.H., “Anti-inflammatory and anti-platelet activities of Avena sativa are mediated through the inhibition of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes”, International journal of endorsing health science research, 1(2), 62-65, 2013.
[27]	Ahmad, S., Gul, S., Gul, H., Shad, K.F., Zia-Ul-Haq, M., Ercisli, S., Jaafar, H., and Moga, M., “Clinical Justification of Ethnomedicinal Use of Brassica Rapa in Cardiovascular Diseases”, Experimental and clinical cardiology, 20(7), 764-783, 2014.
[28]	Saeed, S.A., Ahmad, N., and Ahmed, S., “Dual inhibition of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase by human haptoglobin: its polymorphism and relation to hemoglobin binding”, Biochemical and biophysical research communications, 353(4), 915-920, 2007.
[29]	Saeed, S. and Ahmed, S., “New aspects of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition in myocardial infarction and ischaemia”, Research communications in molecular pathology and pharmacology, 117, 167-178, 2005.
[30]	Zia-Ul-Haq, M., Ahmad, S., Chiavaro, E., Mehjabeen, and Ahmad, S., “Studies of oil from cowpea (Vigna Unguiculata (L.) Walp.) cultivars commonly grown in Pakistan”, Pakistan Journal of Botany, 42(2), 1333-1341, 2010.
[31]	Gul, S., Ahmed, S., Gul, H., Shad, K.F., Zia-Ul-Haq, M., and Badiu, D., “The antioxidant potential of Brassica rapa L. on glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase enzymes and total antioxidant status”, Romanian Review of Laboratory Medicine, 21(2), 161-169, 2013.
[32]	Gul, S., Ahmad, S., Gul, H., and Shad, K.F., “Investigating the Protective Effectof Solanum melongena”, Asian Journal of Health and Clinical Research, 1(1), 276-294 , 2010.
[33]	Gul, S., Ahmed, S., Kifli, N., Uddin, Q.T., Tahir, N.B., Hussain, A., Jaafar, H.Z., Moga, M., and Zia-Ul-Haq, M., “Multiple pathways are responsible for Anti-inflammatory and Cardiovascular activities of Hordeum vulgare L”, Journal of translational medicine, 12(1), 316, 2014.
[34]	Saeed, S., Rasheed, H., Ali, T., and Ahmed, S., “Mechanisms of inhibitory actions of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors in human platelets”, Journal of Biosciences, 4, 515-520, 2004.
[35]	Ahmed, S., Gul, S., Gul, H., and Bangash, M.H., “Dual inhibitory activities of Adhatoda vasica against cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase”, International Journal of Endorsing Health Science Research, 1(1), 14-17, 2013.
[36]	Hansraj, N.I., Khan, A.M.A., Rasheed, A.Z., Zafar, A.M., Rauf, M.A., and Ahmad, S., “The inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis by human plasma and its relationship to albumin and haptoglobin”, Journal of Biological Sciences, 3(12), 1188-1202, 2003.
[37]	Martínez‐Valverde, I., Periago, M.J., Provan, G., and Chesson, A., “Phenolic compounds, lycopene and antioxidant activity in commercial varieties of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum)”, Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 82(3), 323-330, 2002.
[38]	Le Gall, G., DuPont, M.S., Mellon, F.A., Davis, A.L., Collins, G.J., Verhoeyen, M.E., and Colquhoun, I.J., “Characterization and content of flavonoid glycosides in genetically modified tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) fruits”, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 51(9), 2438-2446, 2003.
[39]	Mosawy, S., “Effect of the flavonol quercetin on human platelet function: A review”, Food and Public Health, 5(1), 1-9, 2015.
[40]	Mozos, I., Stoian, D., Caraba, A., Malainer, C., Horbańczuk, J.O., and Atanasov, A.G., “Lycopene and vascular health”, Frontiers in pharmacology, 9, 2018.