Does Temperature Effects the Growth of Cracks in a Submarine Volcano That is under a Hot-spot?

M. Tsili¹ and D. Zacharopoulos^1,

¹Department of Civil Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, Xanthi, Greece

Cite this paper:
M. Tsili and D. Zacharopoulos. Does Temperature Effects the Growth of Cracks in a Submarine Volcano That is under a Hot-spot?. American Journal of Mechanical Engineering. 2017; 5(2):58-63. doi: 10.12691/ajme-5-2-4

Abstract

In this paper we investigated if temperature effects the growth of cracks in a submarine volcano that was under a hot-spot. We based upon theory of fracture mechanics for and we showed that the undersea volcano will be exploded and a sea-whirpool will be gene- rated. Our findings are verified by studies that recorded the above phe-nolmenon in certain places of the Earth. Thus we concluded that temperature significantly contributes to the growth of cracks.

Keywords:
effect of temperature grow and propagation of cracks theory of fracture mechanics submarine volcano hot- spot

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

References:

[1]	Lekkas S. (1985). “Notes of Dynamic Geology”. University of Athens, Greek.
[2]	Taylor S. and McLemon S. (1985). “The continental crust: its composition and evolution”. Oxford Blackwell Scientific.
[3]	Kearey P. and Vine J. (1990). “Global Tectonics. Oxford: Blac kwell Scientific Publications.
[4]	Moores M. and Twiss J. (1995). “Tectonics New York: W. Freeman and Company Moores and Twiss, 1995.
[5]	Olsen K. (1995). “Continental Riffts: Evolution, Structure, Tectonics”. Amsterdam, Elsevier. Olsen, 1995.
[6]	Pluijim vander A. and Marshak S. (1997). “Earth Structure. An Introduction to Structural Geology.
[7]	Press F. and Siever R. (1998). “Understanting Earth”. New York. W. H., Freeman and Company.
[8]	Davies F. G. (1999). “Dynamics Earth”. Plates, Plumes and Mantle Convection. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Davies, 1999.
[9]	Skinner J. and Porter C. (2000). “The Dynamic Earth. New York. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
[10]	Papazaxos B. and Papazaxos K. (2008). Introduction to Geophysis”. Editions Ziti, Thessaloniki, Greece (in Greek).
[11]	Bowes D. R. (1989). “The encyclopedia of Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology”, Van Nostrand Reinhold.
[12]	Clare P., Marshall, Rhodes W. and Fairbridge (1999). “Encyclopedia of Geochemistry, Kluer Academic Publishers.
[13]	Marshak S. (2005). “Earth: Portrait of a Plannet”. pp. 41-87.
[14]	Lekkas S., Lozios S and Skourtsos E. (2006). “An intro-duction to Geodynamics”, University of Athens (in Greek)
[15]	Rogers N., Blake S., Burton K. (2008). “An introduction to our dynamic planet”. Cambridge University Press p. 19.
[16]	McClelland L., Simkin T., Summers M., et., al., (eds.) (1989). “Gloval volcanism in 1975 -1985”. Prentice - Hall and American Geophysical Union Mc-Cleelland et., al., 1989.
[17]	Simkin T., and Siebert L. (1994). “Volcanoes of the world, 2nd edition. Geoscience Press in association with the Smithsonian Institution. Global Volcanism Program, Tuscon AZ.
[18]	Simkin T., Unger JD., Tilling RI., et., al., (1994). “This dynamic planet 1x1.5m wall map.” 2nd edition SI, USGS and NRL. 1941-1944.
[19]	Siebert L., and Simkin T., (2002). “Volcanoes of the world: an illustrated catalog of holocene volcanoes and their eruptions”. Smithsonian Institution. Gloval volcanism program digital information series, GVP-3. Also in: www.volcano.si.edu/world
[20]	Venzke E., Wunderman R, Mc Clelland et., al., (eds.): (2002-): Gloval volcanism, 1968 to the present Smithsonian In-stitution. Global Volcanism Program, Digital Information Series GVP-4. Also in: www.volcano.si.edu/reports.
[21]	Morgan W. (1968). “Rises, trenches, great faults and cry-stal blocks”. J. Geophys., Res., 73. 1969-1982.
[22]	Morgan W. (1971). “Convection plumes in the lower mant-le”. Nature, 230, pp., 42-43.
[23]	Morgan W. (1972). “Plate motions and deep mantle con-vection”. Geol. Soc.,. Am., Man., 132, pp., 7-22.
[24]	Morgan W. (1983): “Hot spot tracks and early rifting of the Atlantic”. Tectonophysics, 94, 123-129.
[25]	Ritter J., Jordan M., Christensen U., et., al., (2001). “A mantle plume below the Eifel volcanic fields”. German, Earth Plan, Sci., Lett., 186, pp.7-14.
[26]	Montelli R., Nolet G., Dahlen F., et., al., (2004) : “Finite – frequency tomography reveals a variety of plumes in the mantle” Science, 303, pp., 338-343.
[27]	Papazaxos K. (2006). in: www.geo.auth.gr/765/1.../15-intraplate.ht.
[28]	Sih G. (2009). “Crack tip mechanics based on progressive damage of arrow. Hierarchy of singularities and multiscale segments”. Theoretical and Applied, Mechanics, 51, pp. 11-32.
[29]	Grifith A. (1921). “The phenomena of rupture and flow in solids” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A 221, pp., 163-198.
[30]	Griffith A. (1924). “The theory of rupture”. In: Proc., Ist., Int., Congr., Appl., Mech. Biereno, C.B. Burgers, J.M(eds). Delft: Tech. Boekhandel en Drukkerij. J. Waltman Jr., pp. 54-63.
[31]	Tsoutrelis C. (1985). “Elementary rock mechanics. Part I: Basic theory and experimental method”, Athens, 1985.
[32]	Deere D. and Miller R. (1966): “Engineering classification and index properties for intact rock” Tech. Report No AFWL - TR-65-116, Air Force Weapons Lab., Kirtland Air Base, New Mexico.
[33]	Sakellariou M. (1989). “The effect of the pre - existing cracks in the distribution of the compressive stress. Appli-cation to rock mechanics area”. PhD Thesis, National Tech-nical University of Athens.
[34]	Βombolakis E.G. (1964). “Photoelastic investigation of brittle crack growth within a field of uniaxial compression”. Tectono- physics 1, pp. 343-351.
[35]	Βombolakis E.G (1973). “Study of the brittle fracture pro-cess under uniaxial compression”. Tectonophysics 18, pp. 231-248.
[36]	Hoek E. (1965). “Rock fracture under static conditions”. Natl. Mech., Eng. Res. , Inst., C.S.I.R. Rept. MEG 383.
[37]	Hoek E. (1968). “Brittle failure of rock in: Rock Mechanics in Engineering Practice, Stagg, K.G., Zienkiewicz O.C. (eds). London: Wiley, pp. 19-124.
[38]	Bieniawski Z. T. (1967): “Mechanism of brittle fracture of rock. Part I: Theory of fracture process. Part II: Experimental studies. Part III: Fracture in tension and under long term loa-ding” Int. J. Rock Mech., Sci., 4, pp. 395-430.
[39]	Bieniawski Z. T. (1981). “Rock materials under mixed mode fracture in mixed mode crack propagation”. Proc. of First USA - GREECE Symposium eds. Sih and Theocharis P. Athens, 1980. Sijthoff & Noordhooff. The Netherlands.
[40]	Cotterel B. (1972): “Brittle fracture in compression”. Int., J., Fract., Mech., vol. 8, pp. 195-208.
[41]	Siebe C., Komorowski JC., Navaro C., et., al., (1995). “The 1993 submarine eruption near Socorro Island Mexico”. J. of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 68, pp., 239-271.
[42]	Gaspar JL, Queiroz G., Pachero JM., et., al., (2003). “Ba-saltic lava ballons produced during 1998 - 2001.Serreta Sub-marine Ridge eruption (Azores) in : White DJL et., al., edited: “Explosive Subaqueous Volcanism American Geophysical Union Monograph, 140, p. 205-212.
[43]	Watts A.B., Peirce C., Grevemeyer I., et., al., (2012). “Rapid rates of growth and collaps of Monowai submarine volcano in the Kermadec Arc”. Nature Geoscience , 5, pp., 510-515.
[44]	Schmincke H-U and Sumitu M. (2013). “Fire in the sea. Growth and destruction of submarine volcanoes”. Geology, 41, no 3, p. 381-382.