[1] | UNODC, “World drug report” United Nations publication, New York, 2014, 11-25. |
|
[2] | WDR, “World drug report” United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Vienna, 2012, 10-18. |
|
[3] | W. Deressa and A. Azazh, “Substance use and its predictors among undergraduate medical students of Addis Ababa university in Ethiopia,” BMC Public Health, vol. 11, article 660, 2011. |
|
[4] | Watson, J. C. “Assessing the potential for alcohol related issues among college student athletes,” Online journal, 4(33), 14-26. 2002. |
|
[5] | Martens, M. O’Connor, K & Beck, N. “A systematic review of college students-athletes drinking: Prevalence rates, sport related factors and interventions,” Journal of substance abuse treatment, 31(3). 307-309. 2006. |
|
[6] | Central Statistical Agency and ORC Macro, Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey 2011, Central Statistical Agency, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; ORCMacro, Calverton, Md, USA, 2012. |
|
[7] | Kebede, Y, “Cigarette smoking and khat chewing among college students in north west Ethiopia,” Ethiopian Journal of Health Development, 16(1). 9-17, 2002. |
|
[8] | Aklog, T, Tiruneh, G & Tsegay, G, “Assessment of substance abuse and associated factors among students of Debre Markos Poly Technique College in Debre Markos Town, East Gojjam zone, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia,” Global Journal of Medical Research, 13(4), 2013. |
|
[9] | K.Meressa, K. Mossie, K., A. & Gelaw, Y, “Effect of substance use on academic achievement of health officer and medical students of Jimma university, southwest Ethiopia,” Ethiopian Journal of Health sciences, 19(3). 155-163, 2009. |
|
[10] | A. Fekadu, A. Atalay, A & Charlotte,H “Alcohol and drug abuse in Ethiopia: past, present and future,” African Journal of Drug & Alcohol Studies, 6 (1). 39-53. 2007. |
|
[11] | WHO, ATLAS on Substance Use, Resources for the Prevention and Treatment of Substance Use Disorders, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland, 2010. |
|
[12] | Rintaugu, E.G, Ngetich E.D.M, & Kamande, I. M. “determinants of alcohol consumption of university students-Athletes,” Current research journal of social sciences, 4(5). 354-361. 2012. |
|
[13] | O’Malley, P. M. & Johnston, L. D. “Epidemiology of alcohol and other drug use among American college students,” Journal of students alcohol, 14: 23-39. 2002. |
|
[14] | Gezahegn T, Andualem D, & Mitiku T. H, “Substance Use and Associated Factors among University Students in Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study,” Journal of Addiction, 1(1). 1-8, April, 2014. |
|
[15] | Odejide, A. O. “Status of drug use/abuse in Africa: a review,” International journal of mental health and addiction, 4(2). 87-102, 2006. |
|
[16] | Didenko & Pankratz, “Substance Use: Pathways to homelessness or a way of adapting to street life?” Visions: BC’s Mental Health and Addictions Journal, 4(1), 9-10. 2007. |
|
[17] | Wechler, H. M. & Seibring, L. “Trends in college binge drinking: Reducing student demand or limiting access,” Journal of American college health, 52(4). 159-167. 2004. |
|
[18] | Brook, J. Cohen, p. & Brook, D. “Longitudinal study of co-occurring psychiatric disorders and substance use,” Journal of child and adolescent psychiatry, 37(3). 322-330.1998. |
|
[19] | Gelaw Y. and A. Haile-Amlak, A, “Khat chewing and its socio-demographic correlates among the staff of Jimma university,” Ethiopian Journal of Health Development, 18 (3). 179-184, 2004. |
|
[20] | Creswell, J. “Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research. New Jersey”: Pearson: Merrill Prentice Hall. 2008. |
|
[21] | Babbie, E. “Survey research methods (2nd ed.).” Belmont: Wadsworth publishing Company. 1990. |
|
[22] | Bakar, C. G¨undogar, D. Karaman, H. & I. Maral, “Prevalence and related risk factors of tobacco, alcohol and illicit substance use among university students,” The European Journal of Psychiatry, 27(2). 97-110, 2013. |
|
[23] | Dietz, C.B. “Effects of underreporting of psychopathology of MMPI-2 substance abuse scales among college students,” Dissertation Abstracts International, 60(8), 4215B-4216. 2000. |
|
[24] | Mandil, A., BinSaeed, R., & Dabbagh, S, “Smoking among Saudi university students: consumption patterns and risk factors,” Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 17(4). 309-316, 2011. |
|
[25] | S. Pengpid and K. Peltzer, “Prevalence and psychosocial correlates of illicit drug use among school-going adolescents in Thailand,” Journal of Social Sciences, 34(3). 269-275, 2013. |
|
[26] | Parkins, H. W. “Gender patterns in consequences of Collegiate alcohol abuse: A 10 years study of trends in an undergraduate population,” Journal of students alcohol, 53(5), 458-462. 1992. |
|
[27] | Doll, R. “Morality in relation to smoking,” British medical journal, 328: Unpublished Master of. Education thesis paper. 2004. |
|
[28] | Ageely, H. M. “Prevalence of khat chewing in college and secondary (high) school students of Jazan region, Saudi Arabia,” Harm Reduction Journal, 6(11), 2009. |
|